The Organic-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles as Lipase Carriers for Biocatalytic Application: Future Perspective in Biodegradation

Over the past three decades, organic reactions catalyzed by lipase have been extensively studied. To overcome the drawbacks of free enzymes and develop new and sustainable biocatalysts, various insoluble forms of lipases were examined. Especially interesting are lipases immobilized on silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) due to their promising unique and advantageous physicochemical properties. Therefore, the present paper presents an overview of different organic functionalization methods of SiNP surfaces to create a more favorable microenvironment for lipase molecules. Given the high commercial value of lipases in biotechnological applications, the second part of this paper highlights the key industrial sectors utilizing these nanobiocatalysts. This review discusses the key industrial applications of silica-based lipase nanobiocatalysts, including biodiesel production, flavor ester synthesis, and pharmaceutical applications such as racemization. Special attention is given to emerging technologies, particularly the use of immobilized lipases in polymer biodegradation and polymerization reactions. These advances have paved the way for innovative solutions, such as self-degrading bioplastics, which hold significant promise for sustainable materials and environmental protection. This comprehensive overview underscores the transformative potential of lipase–SiNP nanobiocatalysts in both industrial and environmental contexts.