Characterizing propagation and vortex-splitting dynamics of Bessel-Gaussian beams in short-range atmospheric conditions

This study explores the propagation dynamics of Bessel-Gaussian (BG) beams, focusing on vortex-splitting behavior under short-range atmospheric conditions with varying disturbances. Using the split-step beam propagation method, the research reveals that greater atmospheric turbulence and longer transmission distances enhance both the average vortex splitting distance and its variance while reducing the average topological charge of the received OAM mode. Conversely, laminar conditions promote beam stability. Results highlight the high sensitivity of vortex splitting to beam parameters, with topological charge playing a significant role in phase singularity formation and vortex complexity. Additionally, beam width and shape are critical, as larger widths intensify splitting under atmospheric disturbance. Notably, BG beams exhibit greater stability and less vortex splitting than Laguerre-Gaussian beams, particularly in turbulent environments at short distances. These insights advance the understanding of vortex beam dynamics, with important implications for atmospheric remote sensing applications.