Impact of Ionospheric Electron Density on Second-Order Ionospheric Error at L5 and S1 Frequencies Using Dual-Frequency NavIC System

Satellite navigation systems are used for positioning purposes, however to calculate an accurate position, it is crucial to take into account all possible sources of error. The Ionosphere is the primary cause of the positional error. There is a lot of research into first-order ionospheric error estimation and removal. Due to the growing demand for positioning precision across a wide range of applications, significant research has been done over the last two decades to ascertain the impact of second-order ionospheric error (SOIE). However, very less research has been identified that examines the relationship between SOIE and the receiver’s geographic location and total electron content (TEC). Achieving the desired millimeter/centimeter level positional accuracy in these regions requires the study of a realistic diurnal and seasonal variability of SOIE because the behavior of ionospheric TEC in equatorial and low-latitude regions (Indian region in this case) is highly dynamic. Additionally, NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), an Indian satellite navigation system, uses carrier frequencies, namely L5 and new frequency S1, as opposed to GPS L1 and L2, which presents a fresh chance to investigate the effects of SOIE on these frequencies. This research may serve as a benchmark for systems like NavIC that are using L5 and new S-band frequencies for satellite signal transmission, space weather monitoring, and ionosphere abnormalities research. To comprehend various elements of its seasonal properties, this research estimates and analyses SOIE. Data from the SOIE were examined for 12 months, from May 2018 to February 2019, to analyze the diurnal and seasonal fluctuation. It has been noted that seasonal and diurnal fluctuations have a substantial impact on the SOIE. In comparison to the winter months, the SOIE levels are higher in the summer and equinoctial months. Although the SOIE peak levels are similar during the equinoctial and summer months, a higher midnight value and a slowly declining rate have been noted. At L5 frequency, there is a significant seasonal fluctuation in SOIE (–1.1 to –2.84 cm), whereas at S1 shows just a little seasonal variation (–0.1 to –0.3 cm) throughout the year. Additionally, geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites are discovered to be more suitable for the analysis of SOIE than satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GSO), and they might also be employed for ionospheric studies.