Reevaluating <i>Calculus bovis</i>: Modulating the liver cancer immune microenvironment <i>via</i> the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

In this article, we comment on the work published by Huang <i>et al</i>, which explores the mechanisms by which <i>Calculus bovis</i> (CB) modulates the liver cancer immune microenvironment <i>via</i> the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. The study demonstrates that active components in CB effectively inhibit the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, significantly reducing the polarization of M2 tumor-associated macrophages. Both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> experiments have validated the anti-tumour effects of CB, revealing its complex mechanisms of action through the modulation of immune cell functions within the tumour microenvironment. This article highlights CB's therapeutic potential in liver cancer treatment and calls for further investigations into its mechanisms and clinical applications to develop safer, more effective options for patients. The study also revealed that key components of CB, such as bilirubin and bile acids, inhibit tumour cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through multiple pathways. Future research should explore the mechanisms of action of CB and its potential integration with existing treatments to improve the therapeutic outcomes of liver cancer patients. With multidisciplinary collaboration and advanced research, CB could become a key component of comprehensive liver cancer treatment, offering new hope for patients.