From diet to microbiota: how fruits and vegetables influence gut microbiota

Abstract The stability of the gut microbiota is of critical importance for the maintenance of a wide range of physiological functions in the body. The state of balance of the gut microbiota profoundly affects immune, metabolic, and neurological functions. External factors, such as dietary and lifestyle modifications, have the potential to disrupt this microbial equilibrium, thereby precipitating a spectrum of health complications, including obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. A diet comprising a substantial proportion of fruits and vegetables has been demonstrated to be an effective means of rectifying imbalances in the gut microbiota. Fruits and vegetables are rich in phytochemicals, including polyphenols, fibre, and carotenoids. These compounds interact with gut microbes, producing beneficial metabolic byproducts, either directly or under the influence of gut microbes. This interaction not only promotes the diversity and stability of the gut microbiota, but also enhances gut and overall health through the production of biologically active metabolites. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of key phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables on the structure and function of the gut microbiota. It also examines the mechanisms by which gut microbes break down these substances and summarises their interactions and potential health benefits. These findings provide a scientific rationale and theoretical support for the use of fruits and vegetables as a strategy to naturally regulate the gut microbiota and promote health.