Review of Distributed Renewable Generation (DRG), Network Interconnection and Optimisation for the Global South

This paper evaluates Distributed Renewable Generation (DRG) technologies., such as solar photovoltaics (PV)., wind turbines., and small hydro., focusing on their efficiency., costs., scalability., and climate suitability. DRG systems present a solution for providing electricity to remote and off-grid regions., reducing dependence on fossil fuels., with solar PV systems offering efficiencies of 15–22% and costs ranging from USD 1,000 to USD 3,000 per kW., while wind turbines have efficiencies of 25-45% and costs of USD 1,500 to USD 2,500 per kW. Despite benefits., challenges persist., including high initial costs., expensive energy storage (USD 400-1.,200 per kWh), and the need for skilled personnel. Network interconnection and optimization strategies., such as South Africa's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPP)., illustrate effective pathways. Addressing these challenges through improved policies., innovative financing., and community engagement is crucial for advancing DRG systems in the Global South.