Optimization and Performance Enhancement of Lead-Free FASnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells through Metaheuristic Methods

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a lead-free perovskite solar cell (LFP-SC) utilizing FASnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> structural modifications and optimized band alignment, along with layers architecture design employing metaheuristic optimization methods. Moreover, we investigate various hole and electron selective layers and their influence on the photovoltaic cell performance through rigorous numerical modeling combined with metaheuristic techniques. Furthermore, optimizations are conducted to improve absorber film architecture, band offsets, and defect concentration using PSO optimization. Subsequently, the optimal parameters obtained are integrated into the proposed LFP-SC structure ($\mathrm{FTO} / \mathrm{SnO}_{2} / \mathrm{FASnI}_{3} / \mathrm{Cu}_{2} \mathrm{O} / \mathrm{Ag}$). Comparative analysis of the photovoltaic performances of the proposed device with recent perovskite SCs demonstrates significant improvements, yielding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Consequently, this research contributes to advancing the power conversion of LF-perovskite solar cells for efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic applications, paving the way for future developments in this field.