Optimal Charging and Discharging Pricing for an Industrial and Commercial Park Considering EV Owners' Decisions

As the penetration rate of renewable energy increases and the electrification of automobiles accelerates, the interaction between electric vehicles and the power systems is receiving increasing attention. This paper proposes an optimal pricing scheme for electric vehicle services in a park with charging and discharging separately priced, aiming to guide electric vehicles to participate in peak load shifting. An optimal charging model for electric vehicles that takes battery aging into account is established. Subsequently, a bilevel optimal pricing model based on the Stackelberg game is developed and then solved by genetic algorithm and hippopotamus algorithm. Simulation results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.