TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND ANXIETY DISORDERS

There are gender differences in the comorbidity of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and type 2 diabetes, according to several studies. New research reveals that insulin and insulin signalling are connected to neurotransmission of several significant neurotransmitters, as well as neuro-modulation and neuroprotection, refuting the notion that the brain is insulin insensitive. Brain insulin resistance, which may result from peripheral insulin resistance, has been linked to depressive symptoms through changes in neuronal functions. Antidepressant effects may be enhanced by IGF-I's direct stimulation of neurogenesis. Other widely accepted pathophysiological mechanisms that have been proposed by several authors include GR, MR, HPA, adipokine hormones such as ghrelin and the orexigenic hormone, as well as pro-inflammatory factors and adiponectin, leptin, and resistin.