Advanced nuclear technologies in modern energy systems: A comparative risk assessment in Japan

In response to global challenges posed by climate change and the urgent need to transition toward sustainable energy sources, this study aims to understand societal risk perceptions associated with both established and emerging energy systems. Utilizing the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a comparative risk assessment was conducted on renewable energy sources versus nuclear power options, including the potential role of advanced nuclear technologies. The analysis included advanced nuclear technologies, such as small modular reactors, alongside traditional light-water reactors as part of future nuclear options. The AHP results indicate that "Safety" holds a significant importance weight of 0.41 in nuclear systems, whereas "Stable Supply" is prioritized with a weight of 0.35 in renewable systems, underscoring different stakeholder priorities. This comparative methodology facilitated a thorough evaluation of safety, economic feasibility, and community impact. The preliminary results reveal a diverse risk–benefit landscape with specific considerations for traditional nuclear power and potential future systems, such as advanced nuclear technologies. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, offering a detailed understanding of the trade-offs between different energy technologies. This study emphasizes the necessity for further research to clarify the specific characteristics and societal acceptance of advanced nuclear technologies, aiming to develop detailed guidelines for their assessment and integration into comprehensive energy strategies. Such research will support informed and flexible policymaking that responds to the dynamic challenges of global energy demand. • Advanced nuclear technologies show enhanced safety and environmental sustainability. • Comparative risk assessment reveals higher priority for "Safety" in nuclear systems. • Integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses provide a nuanced understanding. • Findings support sustainable and secure energy policy development. • Insights offered to guide policy decisions on advanced nuclear technologies.