Russian Foreign Policy Orientation Under Putin in Relation to Pakistan and Its Implications on India

This research explores the orientation of Russia's foreign policy under President Vladimir Putin, focusing specifically on its evolving relationship with Pakistan and the implications this has for India. Historically, Russia has maintained close ties with India, while Pakistan has leaned toward alliances with the United States and China. However, since the 2010s, there has been a perceptible shift in Russia-Pakistan relations, including increased defence cooperation and economic engagements, raising concerns in New Delhi. This paper examines the strategic factors driving Moscow's outreach to Pakistan, the implications for South Asian security dynamics, and how India is adjusting its foreign policy in response to these changes. The Russian Federation's foreign policy under Vladimir Putin has witnessed significant shifts in its orientation towards various global actors, particularly in South Asia. Russia's relations with Pakistan, historically marked by Cold War-era rivalries and limited engagements, have evolved considerably under Putin's leadership, raising important questions about its strategic calculations and the broader geopolitical ramifications. This paper examines the transformation in Russia-Pakistan relations under Putin, focusing on military, economic, and diplomatic interactions. It also explores how this evolving partnership affects India's strategic interests, given its historical ties with Russia and ongoing tensions with Pakistan. By analysing the underlying factors driving Russian foreign policy shifts, the paper sheds light on the complex triangular dynamics between Russia, Pakistan, and India, offering insights into the regional security architecture and future trends in South Asian geopolitics.