Local scale carbon stock measurements, including deep soil layers, in a terra firme forest in northwestern Amazon

Abstract Most studies aiming to quantify carbon stocks in tropical forests have focused on aboveground biomass, omitting carbon in soils and woody debris. Here, we quantified carbon stocks in soils up to 3 m depth, woody debris, and aboveground and belowground tree biomass for the 25-ha Amacayacu Forests Dynamics plot in the northwestern Amazon. Including soils to 3 m depth, total carbon stocks averaged 358.9 ± 24.2 Mg C ha −1 , of which soils contributed 53%, biomass 44.2%, and woody debris 2.7%. When only including soils to 0.5 m depth, carbon stocks diminished to 222.1 Mg C ha −1 and biomass became the largest contributor. Among 1-ha subplots, total carbon stocks were correlated with soil carbon stocks at ≥0.5 m depth, belowground biomass of all trees, and aboveground biomass of trees ≥60 cm DBH. Our results support the assumption of biomass as the likely largest carbon source associated with land use change in northwestern Amazonia. However, mining and erosion following land use change could also promote a significant release of carbon from soil, the largest carbon stock. To improve the global carbon balance, we need to better quantify total carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests beyond aboveground biomass.