Bidirectional electric vehicle smart charging in public charging stations (V2G): use case representation using the e-mobility systems architecture framework

The global shift towards electric vehicles is expected to result in more than 1 billion electric vehicles (EVs) by 2050, providing a substantial source of flexibility for the power system and enhancing the integration of renewable energy resources. The DriVe2X project aims to create new expertise, information and communication technology (ICT) solutions, and hardware technologies to handle the mass deployment of electric vehicles in Europe. Explores diverse scenarios of bidirectional electric vehicle smart charging, including vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-home, and vehicle-to-building interactions. The paper focusses on vehicle-to-grid strategies, specifically a demonstration in Terni, Italy. The paper presents vehicle-to-grid use case that enable business cases harnessing the full potential of the bidirectional charging strategies. It describes the complex coordination between stakeholders in public charging stations, creating an ecosystem that connects electric vehicles to the energy grid, improving grid stability. The Terni vehicle-to-grid business model relies on strategic interactions among stakeholders to manage the integration of EVs with the energy grid. The distribution system operator ensures grid stability and allows the bidirectional flow of electricity, making electric vehicle drivers an integrated part of the energy system and electricity market.