Using AI Chatbots in Visual Programming: Effect on Programming Self-Efficacy of Upper Primary School Learners

Programming Self-Efficacy (PSE) is crucial for enhancing learners’ skills, cognitive abilities, and career interests. Despite its significance, existing research often overlooks strategies to boost PSE among upper primary school learners. This study evaluates the impact of an innovative e-learning tool, AI Chatbots, on students’ PSE. Conducted in a primary school in northern mainland China, the experiment integrated AI Chatbots as an intervention within a visual programming curriculum. It involved 98 fifth-grade students divided into experimental and control groups, both instructed by the same teacher. Interviews were conducted with 6 selected participants from the experimental group after completing all intervention procedures. Findings suggest that, compared to traditional teacher-led instruction, AI Chatbots significantly enhance students’ PSE in programming skill, while boost in PSE in programming knowledge remains non-significant. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which AI Chatbots provide students with easily accessible, personalized learning support for self-directed learning and reduce emotional barriers when they seek help.