Measurement of protoplasmic streaming over the entire body of <i>Physarum</i> plasmodium, and estimation of the transport and mixing of protoplasma through the intricate vein network

Transport networks spanning the entire body of an organism are key infrastructures for achieving a functional system and facilitating the distribution of nutrients and signals. The large amoeba-like organism <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> has gained attention as a useful model for studying biological transport networks owing to its visible and rapidly adapting vein structure. Using particle-tracking velocimetry, we measured the flow velocity of protoplasmic streaming over the entire body of <i>Physarum</i> plasmodia during the development of its intricate vein network. Based on these measurements, we estimated how the protoplasm is transported and mixed throughout the body. Our findings suggest that the vein network significantly enhances effective mixing of the protoplasm throughout the organism, which may have important physiological implications for nutrient distribution and signaling.