Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Risk Factors and Outcomes of Management in Sudanese Patients

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare condition marked by increased intracranial pressure, which, if untreated, can lead to optic nerve damage, higher cerebral blood volume, and increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. This study aimed to identify the epidemiology, risk factors, follow-up, and management of IIH in Sudanese patients treated at Wadmadani Teaching Hospital between 2022 and 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study at Wad Madani Teaching Hospital (2022-2023) involved 100 IIH patients. Data on demographics, BMI, hemoglobin levels, and risk factors were collected from medical records and patient interviews. Treatment and follow-up were documented, focusing on Acetazolamide and Topiramate. Statistical analyses included descriptive and bivariate methods to assess relationships between risk factors, treatment responses, and surgical needs. Results: Of the participants, 95% were female and 5% male, with the majority aged 26-30 years (average age: 27.95). Most participants had a BMI in the 26-30 range. Hemoglobin levels above 11 g/dL were recorded in 71% of the patients. The most common risk factors identified were steroid use and elevated BMI. Acetazolamide and Topiramate were the frequently prescribed medications. Surgical intervention was needed in 23% of patients, mainly due to poor response to medical therapy, worsening visual function, and progressive papilledema. There were significant associations between gender, age, risk factors, and the need for surgery. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the demographic and clinical characteristics of IIH, along with common risk factors and treatments, particularly highlighting gender-based differences in surgical interventions. Further research is essential to better understand the gender disparities in IIH and to develop more tailored treatment approaches. Future studies should focus on uncovering the mechanisms of IIH, customizing treatment plans, and improving management practices through collaboration between healthcare providers, researchers, and patients.