Development and psychometric validation of an Urdu-language Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder scale for adults

Objectives: To develop and validate the Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Scale (OCPDS) for adults in the Urdu language, ensuring its reliability and psychometric soundness within the Pakistani cultural context. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from February 15 to June 20, 2019, in Gujrat, Pakistan, with ethical approval from University of Gujrat. Using purposive sampling, 234 adults aged 18 years and above (60 clinical, 174 non-clinical; 107 males, 127 females) were recruited from educational, healthcare, and community settings. Scale development followed standardized procedures, beginning with an item pool of 97 questions derived from the DSM-5, existing literature, and expert opinions. The items underwent expert evaluation, a tryout phase, and pilot testing. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied to finalize the scale. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted using SPSS-21 and AMOS-21. Results: The final OCPDS comprised 25 items across seven factors: rigidity and stubbornness, inflexibility, preoccupation with details, excessive devotion, hoarding behavior, self-centeredness, and perfectionism. EFA revealed factor loadings between 0.40 and 0.81, while CFA confirmed model fit indices (CFI = 0.919, RMSEA = 0.057). The scale demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.920) and significant subscale reliabilities (α = 0.688 to 0.899). Convergent validity with the Five Factor Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) yielded a moderate correlation (r = 0.418). Conclusion: The OCPDS is a psychometrically robust instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive personality traits in Urdu-speaking adults, with strong reliability, validity, and cultural relevance. It is suitable for clinical and research applications.