Fabrication and Effectiveness of Composite Materials in Urea Slow-Release Fertilizers: A Mini-Review

The rising interest in slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) developments has been notable, particularly during the past two decades, due to the well-established environmental issue resulting from excessive fertilizer usage. Various types of self-releasing films (SRFs) have been created, encompassing physical/chemical reactions, incorporation into layered/porous materials, immobilization using hydrogels, and application of coatings and hydrogels. Numerous methodologies have been examined across various phases of development and from diverse perspectives. In the field of solid rocket fuels (SRFs), a range of approaches has been developed and implemented to assess the efficacy of their releasing capabilities. This concise overview examines the composition, modifications, and uses of biopolymer, organic, and inorganic substances SRFs designed for agricultural purposes. The review examined each material's distinctive structure and features, offering valuable insights into physicochemical and molecular arrangement. The review also offers the potential of formulations based on composite additive materials to increase crop yield, manage nutrition, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.