Numerical Study of MHD Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid (Ag-CoFe2O4-ZnO/C2H6O2+H2O): Effects of Thermal Stratification on a Vertical Stretching Cylinder in a Porous Environment

This study explores the impact of thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamic flow of ethylene glycol and water-based nano, hybrid, and ternary hybrid nanofluids past a vertically stretching cylinder beneath a porous medium. Composed of silver (Ag), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles suspended in a mixture of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (H2O), the ternary hybrid nanofluid is examined. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and solved using the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa method via the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The study assesses the effects of dimensionless parameters such as prandtl number, heat source/sink, magnetic, porosity, curvature, thermal stratification, and thermal buoyancy on velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. Results indicate that velocity decreases with increases in δ, M, and K and increases with λ. Temperature decreases with increases in δ and Pr, yet rises with Q. Skin friction is boosted by λ and Q but reduced by δ, M, K, Pr, and γ. The local Nusselt number increases with λ, Pr, and γ, but decreases with δ, M, K, and Q. The ternary hybrid nanofluid displays enhanced heat transfer rates and greater absolute skin friction compared to both hybrid and conventional nanofluids, highlighting the significant influence of thermal stratification on MHD ternary hybrid nanofluid flow.