Spatiotemporal variation of hydrological and bacteriological conditions in the estuary of Río Salado-Bahía de Chame

This study focuses on the evaluation of water quality in the mangrove estuary of the Salado River in Chame Bay, Panama, through the analysis of physicochemical and biological parameters. Quarterly samplings were carried out at four stations along the estuary: Upper Estuary, Middle Estuary, Lower Estuary and Chame Bay, during the dry and rainy seasons, to determine the spatiotemporal variations. The results showed significant differences between the two seasons. In the rainy season, higher levels of pH and total coliforms were recorded, suggesting an increase in the entrainment of sediments and waste. In the dry season, higher concentrations of nitrates and phosphates were observed, attributed to the phenomenon of coastal upwelling, where deep, nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface. Levels of E. coli, an indicator of fecal contamination, remained generally low but increased markedly in the upper estuary during the dry season, possibly due to the presence of mammals in the area and the lack of runoff. This study highlights the importance of considering seasonal variations and specific ecological dynamics of the estuary for its sustainable management. These results are crucial for the development of conservation and management strategies for mangrove ecosystems in the region, providing valuable data that can help establish effective environmental management policies. Continuous monitoring and a comprehensive approach that considers both natural influences and human activities are necessary to preserve these vital ecosystems..