A Mixed-Integer Charging Schedule for Electric Vehicles with Request-Dependent Pricing

A pricing mechanism for the charging schedule problem of Electric Vehicles (EVs) that takes into account the requests of EVs is proposed. Conventional price schemes adopted in the literature are typically affected by total energy demand and the time of use (TOU) tariff. These models do not capture the fact that, in real-world booking systems, by increasing the request in the presence of fixed limited resources, the price increases. In this paper, we propose a price function that, in addition to considering the effect of total energy demand and TOU tariff, it also accounts for satisfied and dissatisfied EVs due to fixed finite resources. The problem is modeled by using a mixed-integer linear cooperative structure by including the presence of infrastructural limitations such as the number of chargers and maximum demand from the grid. A corresponding optimization problem is defined whose cost function aims to reach a compromise between the demand from the grid during peak hours and the level of dissatisfaction with electric vehicles. Simulation results show that the proposed pricing mechanism, which also accounts for resource limitation, does not have adverse effects on energy peak shaving and allows a realistic balance for EV charging satisfaction.