Construction of Potentiometric Sensors for Selective Determination of Benzydamine Hydrochloride in Artificial Saliva: Greenness and Whiteness Assessment

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are used in diverse environmentally-friendly analytical applications. In this study, we developed and assessed potentiometric sensing membranes for the selective determination of benzydamine hydrochloride (BZ) using two distinct ISE designs: solid contact and conventional liquid contact sensors. The responses over a wide BZ concentration range (1.00 × 10 −7 –1.00 × 10 −2 M) using the previously mentioned sensors were fast, linear, and stable. The fabricated potentiometric sensors demonstrated effective BZ measurement in pure powder, pharmaceutical formulation, and artificial saliva without the need for sample preparation or derivatization, demonstrating their ability to be used for the direct analysis of complex matrices. The proposed solid contact ISE method exhibited comparable performance to the published HPLC method, as indicated by the lack of a statistically significant difference in the results obtained. A comprehensive greenness assessment of the proposed method revealed its environmental friendliness, as reflected in its favorable scores on the Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE algorithm. Lastly, the whiteness level of the offered method was assessed using the RGB 12 model, confirming its suitability for the application, also there was no significant difference upon comparing it to the HPLC-reported method.