MELANOMA: ANALYZING INCIDENCE, RISK FACTORS, AND INNOVATIONS IN THERAPY

Background: Melanoma (SCM) and non-melanoma (SCNM) are the two primary types of skin cancer, each with a distinct cellular aetiologia. SCM is associated with the highest mortality rate among skin cancers. Incidence: In Pakistan, an estimated 443 new cases of SCM are reported annually, corresponding to a standardized incidence rate of 2.2 cases per 100,000 individuals. Risk Factors: The primary risk factors for SCM include sunburn and UV radiation exposure, although other contributing factors also exist. Prevention: Prevention strategies focus on mitigating risk factors, such as reducing UV exposure. Early detection methods, including the use of ABCD mnemonics combined with dermatoscopy, enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosis: While clinical evaluation is essential, a biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. Biopsy results also provide critical prognostic parameters. Treatment: Surgical excision remains the primary treatment modality for SCM. Sentinel lymph node dissection may be performed to evaluate lymphatic spread. Additionally, immunotherapy combined with systemic medications has demonstrated improved survival outcomes for patients. Conclusion: Effective management of SCM relies on early detection, accurate diagnosis, and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, including surgery and advanced systemic therapies.