Determinants for Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Japan

Like most Asian countries, Japan attaches great importance elementary education. Secondary education in Japan is a critical stage in the educational journey of students. It plays a significant role in shaping their academic and personal development, as well as preparing them for future career opportunities. This literature review aims to examine the factors that impact secondary education in Japan from two aspects, the macro level and micro level. The macro level includes the national investment in education. While the micro level includes factors such as family investment, student motivation, and teacher’s well-being about their work and their career development. Through analyzing the data from PISA and the previous researches, the writer of this paper finds that the performance of secondary education in Japan is affected by both the macro factors and micro factors.