An Integrative Understanding of Shame: Exploring Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects

Objective: This study aimed to establish an integrated understanding of shame that includes both positive and negative aspects by identifying its adaptive features. Methods: Basic data were obtained from previous studies, literature reviews, and expert interviews. Additionally, data from a survey of 80 adults were analyzed using the consensual qualitative researchmodified (CQR-M) method. Results: The concept of shame comprised three domains—nature, characteristics, and experience—and eight categories. Characteristics of people lacking shame were identified in three domains—negative traits, contradictory characteristics, and social blame—and five categories. The necessity and utility of shame were found across internal, social, and interpersonal domains, and behavioral, interpersonal, and self-regulation coping strategies. Conclusions: While often avoided, shame has positive aspects that promote adaptive behavior in social situations. This suggests shame is not only a negative emotion but an integrated concept with adaptive functions. These findings contributes to understanding mature coping and response patterns related to shame in counseling and personal development.