Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Hypertension Risk in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from a Population-Based Study

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a chronic condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated, leading to severe complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Managing hypertension is particularly challenging when comorbid conditions like type 2 diabetes are present. This paper investigates the combined impact of type 2 diabetes and alcohol consumption on hypertension progression using a deterministic mathematical model. We analyze the model’s dynamics, calculate the basic reproduction number (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>), and perform a sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters influencing the progression of hypertension. Stability analysis shows that the system is stable at both the drinking-free equilibrium and the equilibrium with alcohol consumption. Our findings indicate that reducing alcohol intake significantly lowers the risk of hypertension in diabetic patients. The paper also explores strategies to manage hypertension and diabetes through family support, patient education, and lifestyle modifications such as diet and physical activity. Additionally, Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to optimize these intervention strategies. The results, solved numerically using Matlab, validate the effectiveness of these optimized approaches in controlling hypertension and improving the overall health of patients. Future research may explore the impact of psychological stress on disease progression and incorporate stochastic elements into the model to better reflect real-world variability.