FUNCTIONAL AND GRAMMATICAL STUDIES IN SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET LINGUISTICS

This article reviews functional grammar by examining the relationship between the forms and functions of linguistic units. It traces development since the mid-20th century and discusses concepts such as functional semantic categories and fields. Applications in phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse were addressed, focusing on aspectuality, temporal localization, and modality. Works by A.V. Bondarko, D.N. Shmelev, T. Givón, U. Tribe, and others are analyzed. A comparison of English and Kyrgyz shows that Kyrgyz lacks infinitives, using imperative forms and action names instead. This highlights the need for distinct functional semantic fields per language structure for a precise analysis.