RUSSIAN SOCIALISM OF N.G. CHERNYSEVSKY AND RUSSIAN IDEA OF F.M. DOSTOEVSKY

The article deals with the polemics between Dostoevsky and Chernyshevsky as a factor in the formation of the Russian idea in the works of the author of “Notes from Underground” and “Crime and Punishment”. For the first time the Russian idea of Dostoevsky is considered from the standpoint of polemics as a source of the factor of the evolution of the writer's literary views and his hero, the movement from the underground man to the anti-hero who personifies the values of Christianity in the process of transformation. His comparison of the social ideal in philosophy, journalism and the work of the two writers is subordinated to the understanding of the factors of Russian realism and its two branches, appealing to Christianity - Chernyshevsky's secularization of it and Dostoevsky's apologia of Christo centricity. Comparative-philosophical, historical and literary analyses contribute to the identification of the factors of formation and specificity of Dostoevsky's Russian idea. The object of the article is Chernyshevsky's ideal of Russian socialism and Dostoevsky's religious utopian system of views. The polemic of the writers is analysed in the aspect of differences in the philosophical foundations of the two writers and the phenomenology of Dostoevsky's hero's consciousness. The concepts of suffering and guilt as components of Dostoevsky's Russian idea draw the main boundary between idealistic and rationalistic utopias as two branches of Russian realism. Establishing the connection between the philosophical and literary views of the writers actualises the role of Christianity in the model of social reorganisation of Russia.