The Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms, complications, and therapeutic perspectives

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen capable of causing severe extrapulmonary complications, including the development of autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis.The pathogenic mechanisms involve molecular mimicry, activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as TLR2 and TLR4, and disruptions in cytokine regulation, including the overproduction of interleukin-17 (IL-17).Oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, and metabolic alterations in neutrophils further exacerbate inflammatory and autoimmune responses.Although the infection is usually not very severe, there is growing evidence that Mycoplasma pneumonia may be linked to the onset of autoimmune disorders.This emphasizesthe necessity for more studies on this infection.High levels of macrolide resistance, especially in Asia, and difficulties with diagnosis emphasize the need for new approaches to prevention and treatment.Studies have reported promising results with Qingfei Tongluo Formula (QTF).This traditional Chinese medicine reduces inflammation and mitigates the risk of autoimmunization by modulating oxidative stress and the PERK pathway.Future studies should consider Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) co-infection, which may synergistically increase the risk of autoimmune disease.The development of vaccines against M. pneumoniae is an important long-term avenue.