Magneto-hydrodynamic mixed convection chemically rotating and radiating 3D hybrid nanofluid flow through porous media over a stretched surface

This study presents a comprehensive 3D analysis of hybrid $ {Fe}_{3}{O}_{4}/{Al}_{2}{O}_{3}$ nanofluid flow over a stretched plate, incorporating the effects of buoyancy, Hall current, rotation, nonlinear thermal radiation, and Joule heating. A key novelty of the work lies in extending previous models by introducing mixed convection flow and a concentration equation, alongside thermophoresis and Brownian motion, offering a deeper understanding of hybrid nanofluid behavior in complex thermal environments. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically via the shooting method. These findings have critical implications for optimizing heat exchangers, cooling systems, and chemical reactors, where efficient thermal management is essential. The study’s integration of multiple physical phenomena highlights its novelty and contributes valuable insights to the field of computational fluid dynamics and industrial applications. It is observed that increased buoyancy enhances the primary fluid velocity, but reduces the secondary velocity. This results in lower temperature and concentration profiles, indicating that buoyancy significantly affects the fluid's flow and thermal behavior.