Sleep and Diabetes

Modern society has significantly altered sleep patterns compared to those of the past, leading to an increased prevalence of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders. Numerous studies over the past decades have provided substantial evidence that these disorders negatively impact cognitive function, work performance, and the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. Recent interest in the effects of sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances on glucose metabolism has surged, with growing recognition of sleep’s critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and appetite. Sleep disturbances contribute to the global rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes, necessitating a thorough understanding of how sleep affects glucose metabolism and whether interventions for sleep disorders can positively impact metabolic outcomes. This review explores the relationship among sleep duration, quality, and glucose metabolism, focusing on the mechanisms underlying these associations. It examines epidemiological and experimental studies demonstrating that insufficient or poor-quality sleep adversely affects glucose regulation. The review highlights the impact of sleep disorders, such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, on glucose metabolism and outlines potential interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatments, that may improve sleep quality and metabolic control.