Neuromodulatory techniques in veterinary behavioral medicine - Expanding treatment horizons for complex behavioral disorders

In this review, the emerging role of neuromodulation is explored in veterinary behavioral medicine for treating complex and refractory behavioral disorders. Conventional treatments, including environmental management, behavioral modification, and psychopharmaceuticals often fall short, necessitating alternative approaches. The potential of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to expand treatment options is examined, supported by two illustrative case studies. While these techniques show promise, each presents unique benefits and challenges. In this review, the need for determining appropriate use is emphasized, considering clinical context, feasibility, costs, and current scientific evidence. These findings suggest that neuromodulation could significantly enhance veterinary behavioral treatment plans, but further research is essential to further validate its efficacy and refine its application.