Image Tamper Detection and Correction Using Modified Hamming Code with Eight Data Bits and Four Redundant Bits

Tampering an image became more manageable due to the advent of photo editing software. So, it is essential to detect and correct the tampered locations. This article presents an image watermarking scheme that applies a modified version of 8 data bits and 4 redundant bits of Hamming code. It operates over a block of 3 pixels at a time. The 24 bits of the 3 pixels are rearranged and divided into 2 processing units, each comprising 12 bits. Out of 12 bits in a unit, 4 bits are used as redundant bits, and 8 bits are used as data bits. Watermark bits (WBs) are generated from data bits using a logistic map (LM) and stored in redundant bit positions. Experimental results reveal that this proposed technique maintains a fair balance for both capacity and distortion. The measured capacity is 2.67 bits per pixel (bpp) with a 39.21 decibels (dB) distortion. The estimated structural similarity (SSIM) is 0.9844, and the accuracy is 0.9999. Furthermore, it was also found that the proposed technique performs fairly well compared to existing techniques in capacity and distortion.