Uncovering Mortality Risks in Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights from a 2019-2020 Retrospective Analysis at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital

Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality, disability, and economic burden worldwide, with especially severe outcomes in low-resource settings.This study investigates factors influencing mortality among TBI patients admitted to Mbale Regional Referral Hospital during 2019-2020, with the aim of identifying key insights to improve patient outcomes. Methods:A retrospective review was conducted on 199 patient files from 2019-2020.Data collected included patient demographics, injury mechanisms (e.g., road traffic accidents, falls), hospital stay duration, transportation mode, discharge status (alive or deceased), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at discharge, and neurosurgical imaging and interventions performed. Results:A total of 199 TBI patients were reviewed, with an average age of 34.6 years (SD 15.8), and 70.9% were male.Severe head injury (GCS <8) was observed in 20.9% of cases.The overall mortality rate was 20.6%, with a death rate of 27.4 per 1,000 person-days.No deaths occurred among patients with mild head injuries, while 47.7% of those with moderate to severe injuries (GCS 12) died.Patients with a GCS <8 had a 7.21 times higher mortality risk (ARR 7.21; p<0.001).Additionally, alcohol consumption at admission was associated with a doubled mortality risk (ARR 2.13; 95% CI 1.18-3.85;p=0.012). Conclusion:While overall mortality was relatively low, the high death rate among patients with moderate to severe TBI highlights the urgent need for improved emergency response and specialized care.Strengthening healthcare staff training to deliver timely, targeted interventions could significantly reduce mortality and long-term disability.Investments in these areas are crucial to improving outcomes for TBI patients and offering better hope for affected individuals and families.