Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from p. canius spine venom: characterization, antioxidant properties, and potential applications in nanomedicine

Venomous catfish of the order Siluriformes possess venom glands located in their dorsal and pectoral spines, which serve as a defense mechanism against predators. These fish, abundantly found in India's aquatic ecosystems, represent an untapped resource for bioactive compounds. Among them, Plotosus canius, a prominent species inhabiting the estuaries of southern India, produces venom with potential antioxidant properties. This study explores the antioxidant capacity of P. canius spine venom by isolating its protein components and utilizing the venom for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, protein estimation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results indicate that P. canius venom demonstrates significant potential for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles with strong antioxidant properties, highlighting its applications in nanomedicine and environmental sustainability.