Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome with special reference to Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant global contributor to health complications and mortality across various populations. Thyroid disorders are prevalent within the general population, ranking as the second most common endocrine condition. It is not unusual for individuals to experience both thyroid dysfunction and diabetes simultaneously. Emerging research highlights a complex interplay between thyroid hormones (TH), mechanisms regulating appetite and energy expenditure, and the modulation of insulin sensitivity and secretion. There is growing evidence that insulin sensitivity and medications targeting it can influence thyroid growth and function. A clearer understanding of the relationship between DM and thyroid hormones is essential to enhance the management and treatment of diabetes.