In silico evaluation of the impact of biomolecules on the resistance of Calliptamus barbarus

In this work, we focus on Calliptamus barbarus, which is less known for its massive invasions compared to species like the locust Locusta migratoria, but is capable of forming smaller groups and causing significant damage to crops, particularly in regions already weakened by extreme climatic conditions. Cereals, vegetables, and other agricultural plants are especially vulnerable. In this context, while pesticides play a crucial role in crop protection, their excessive and uncontrolled use poses a major threat to human health, the environment, and biodiversity. It is therefore imperative to implement more responsible management and to seek alternatives to limit these risks. Based on a biological control approach using extracts of Ephedra major, an evolved gymnosperm found in western Algeria, we explored the inhibition of Esterase 1ESD, a key insect enzyme, by ephedra compounds. The major compounds proved to be particularly effective as inhibitors. The bio-insecticidal effect of this plant thus offers a natural and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.