Different civil navigation systems and their application during different flight phases

The paper introduces three types of civil navigation methods and two of their derived methods: Inertial Navigation System (INS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and land-based navigation systems (PBN is the derived method). The paper interprets the principles and characteristics of these navigation systems and gives examples of some specific navigation panels used on the aircraft. Aircraft in this paper mainly refers to fixed-wing large modern passenger aircraft (from the 1970s till today, like the Boeing 747). Comparing the characteristics of different systems, the paper also illustrates the application of these navigation systems during the take-off, cruising and landing phases. At last, the paper proposes the future development of civil navigation systems.