From Metabolism to Immunity: The Central Role of Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder that affects a significant proportion of women of reproductive age globally. It is characterized by metabolic dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, and immune dysregulation, with adipose tissue inflammation emerging as a critical link in its pathophysiology. This review explores the central role of adipose tissue inflammation in PCOS, highlighting its contribution to insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and systemic inflammation. The discussion encompasses the mechanisms through which pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, oxidative stress, and the gut-adipose axis exacerbate metabolic, endocrine, and immune abnormalities in PCOS. Therapeutic strategies targeting adipose tissue inflammation are examined, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, and emerging interventions aimed at modulating inflammatory pathways. Advancing our understanding of adipose tissue inflammation in PCOS offers significant potential for developing personalized and integrative treatment strategies to improve metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular outcomes for affected women.