Current Evidence on the Osseointegration of Polyetheretherketone Implants

double-layer coating with an inner layer of amorphous magnesium phosphate nanosheets and an outer layer of hydroxyapatite to promote osseointegration.Surface examination showed an increase in surface area with better hydrophilicity and increased protein attractiveness.In vitro use of these coatings on mouse embryonic osteoblasts demonstrated that the coatings were nontoxic and enhanced cell proliferation.Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the osseointegration of PEEK implants, most of them were in vitro studies.The currently available literature suggests a lack of in vivo studies, especially human studies, to evaluate the osseointegration of PEEK implants.Well-organized human research is needed for surface-modified PEEK implants to prove their efficacy as implant materials with better osseointegration in human bones.