Next Generation Vaccines

For centuries, mankind has been aware that prevention is more valuable than cure and has sought appropriate ways to do so. The adventure of vaccination, known as the most effective protection method, began with studies against smallpox. It continued when Edward Jenner administered the vaccinia virus to a child in 1796, which he received from a woman infected by a cow. Louis Pasteur observed that the virus administered in 1798 eliminated the smallpox virus after a few months, so the smallpox vaccine was first discovered and applied. The concept of inactivated vaccines emerged during the collaboration between Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. Inactivated vaccines against plague, cholera, and typhoid emerged around the end of the nineteenth century. In 1948, the first combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was produced. After the second half of the 20th century, new applications began to be introduced. Then, cell culture studies for viral vaccines started. The effect of advancing technology began to be felt in vaccines over time and new generation vaccine studies started. With cloning, the foundation of recombinant vaccines and thus new-generation vaccines was laid. Scientists focused on next-generation vaccine studies and introduced vaccines such as viral vector-based vaccines, RNA-based vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Virus-like particle vaccines and Marker vaccines into vaccine technology.