Design and Development of a Line Following Robot using the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control System

This paper explores the design and development of a line-following robot using the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control system. A line-following robot is a widely adopted autonomous system that can make a robot follow a predefined path based on sensor data and real-time adjustments. This paper details the components, construction, and programming needed to make the robot, with emphasis on the implementation and tuning of the PID system. The effect of tuning the PID parameters—proportional (Kp), integral (Ki), and derivative (Kd)—on the efficiency, stability, and path accuracy of the robot is thoroughly analyzed. This work contributes to understanding how PID systems can be optimized for applications in robotics, enabling precise and adaptive control.