The Imperative Role of Xpert® Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex/Resistance to Rifampin (MTB/RIF) in Rapid Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

Background The Xpert® mycobacterium tuberculosis complex/resistance to rifampin (MTB/RIF) test is widely recognized for its ability to provide rapid and accurate results for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples. Its utility is especially critical in smear-negative and paucibacillary cases where traditional diagnostic methods often fail. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Xpert® MTB/RIF in diagnosing TB in various pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples and TB in smear-negative pulmonary samples. Methods This retrospective study analyzed records from 2017 to 2021, focusing on presumptive TB patients who underwent Xpert® MTB/RIF testing at a tertiary care hospital. Data from 1174 samples (671 pulmonary and 503 extrapulmonary) were included. The Xpert® MTB/RIF reports were assessed for <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB) detection rates across different sample types. Results Of the pulmonary samples, MTB detection was highest in sputum samples, 122 (48.41%), followed by bronchial washing samples, 49 (16.33%). In smear-negative pulmonary cases, Xpert® MTB/RIF detected MTB in 72 (16.55%) samples, demonstrating its utility in paucibacillary cases. The test also proved valuable in diagnosing extrapulmonary TB, where symptoms are often atypical. Conclusion Xpert® MTB/RIF is a reliable tool for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, including smear-negative and paucibacillary cases. Its application can significantly enhance the timely diagnosis and treatment of TB, especially in resource-limited settings.