Strategies for Constructing Osteosarcoma 3D Culture Models and Progress in Their Applications

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary bone tumor, and traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture methods cannot accurately simulate the tumor microenvironment. Three-dimensional (3D) culture better simulates the in vivo tumor microenvironment, providing more realistic experimental data regarding tumor progression, drug resistance, and drug screening. This paper introduces various 3D culture technologies, including scaffold-free culture, scaffold-based culture, microfluidic chips, and bioprinting. Moreover, 3D models show significant advantages in tumor microenvironment simulation, drug screening, and research on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thus promoting the development of personalized therapy. Overall, 3D culture offers an important tool and platform for a deeper understanding of osteosarcoma's biological mechanisms and improving clinical treatment outcomes.