Monitoring Heat Wave Characteristics Depending on Surface Air Temperature Variability Along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast

Due to its high population density, rapid urbanization, and vulnerability to climate change, Egypt faces significant climate-related risks, particularly along its coasts. The Egyptian Mediterranean Coast (EMC) has been identified as a "hot spot" for climate change, expected to experience increased surface air temperatures and more frequent, intense heatwaves, especially in the summer. Understanding the characteristics, trends, and impacts of heatwaves along the EMC is crucial for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study utilized observational data (2007-2023) and ERA5 reanalysis data (1979-2023) to examine surface air temperature (T2m) across five key locations along the EMC: Marsa Matrouh, Ras El-Tin, Abu Qir, Port Said, and El Arish. The study aimed to: (1) analyze short-term fluctuations in T2m, (2) validate the accuracy of ERA5 in representing T2m, (3) apply bias correction to ERA5 data, and (4) assess the frequency, intensity, duration, and timing of heatwaves. The results showed a positive temperature monotonic trend over the past decades, with significant increases in heatwave frequency and duration. Port Said and El Arish exhibited the most pronounced warming trends and heatwave intensification. The study underscores the urgent need for climate adaptation strategies to address the growing risks of heatwaves in this vulnerable coastal region.