Review of Modern Urological Biomarkers of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a serious condition that affects the urinary tract. Each year, more than 614,000 new cases are reported, and approximately 80% of these are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This type of cancer has a high rate of recurrence, reaching up to 60% within five years, and progression, reaching 55%. These factors lead to extensive surgery and disability for patients who have muscle invasion of the bladder. Additionally, bladder cancer can contribute to increased mortality through metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Modern approaches to predicting the progression of NMIBC rely on point systems based on clinical and histological characteristics of the tumor. In addition, researchers are actively exploring potentially valuable biomarkers that could provide a more personalized assessment of both the risk of recurrence and disease progression. This paper presents an overview of current research on predicting the course of NMIRMP using urinary biomarkers. Their prognostic significance and features of their use in clinical practice are discussed in detail, which determines the personalized management tactics of this category of patients.