Optimizing CuSO4 and CoCl2 for superior somatic embryos regeneration in the date palm

The goal of this study was to improve the morpho-anatomical and physiological qualities of somatic embryos (SEs) that have the potential to convert into green, healthy plantlets. Continued investigation CuSO4 and CoCl2 were added to the date palm maturation medium at varying concentrations, both separately and combined as a single treatment. Adding CoCl2 to the maturation media resulted in the highest relative growth and differentiation percentage of date palm embryogenic calli, particularly when employing concentrations of 0.52 mg l-1. In comparison to the control, when the combined therapy was administered alone, the quantity of produced somatic embryos rose dramatically (17/jar). Total sugars and free amino acids were highest in somatic embryos grown on a maturation medium with 0.26 mg l-1 of CoCl2. However, total phenols and indoles were picked significantly at their higher levels in the developed somatic embryos on culture medium, which was supplemented by 0.52 mg l-1. When the maturation medium was administered along with both as a treatment, ascorbate peroxidase, which records antioxidant enzyme activities, reached its maximum activity. Whereas, adding 0.52 mg l-1 of CoCl2 to the culture medium triggers the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and records their highest levels