Free denoising via overlap measures and c-freeness techniques
Abstract We study the problem of free denoising . For free selfadjoint random variables a , b , where we interpret a as a signal and b as noise, we find $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . To that end, we study a probability measure $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> on $$ \mathbb {R} ^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> which we call the overlap measure . We show that $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is absolutely continuous with respect to the product measure $$\mu _a\times \mu _{a+b}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The Radon-Nikodym derivative gives direct access to $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that analogous results hold in the case of multiplicative noise when a , b are positive and the aim is to find $$ E (a \, | \, a^{1/2}ba^{1/2})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In a parallel development we show that, for a general selfadjoint expression P ( a , b ) made with a and b , finding $$ E (a \, | \, P(a,b))$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is equivalent to finding the distribution of P (
Authors
- Alexandru Nica
- Kamil Szpojankowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-1285)
- Maxime Février
Institutions
- Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay (FR)
- Institute of Mathematics (PL)
- Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Probability Theory and Related Fields
- Published
- 2026-06-13
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-026-01507-8
- Primary Topic
- Image and Signal Denoising Methods
- Type
- preprint
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki
- Narodowym Centrum Nauki
- Institut Henri Poincaré
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada