Free denoising via overlap measures and c-freeness techniques

Abstract We study the problem of free denoising . For free selfadjoint random variables a , b , where we interpret a as a signal and b as noise, we find $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . To that end, we study a probability measure $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> on $$ \mathbb {R} ^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> which we call the overlap measure . We show that $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is absolutely continuous with respect to the product measure $$\mu _a\times \mu _{a+b}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The Radon-Nikodym derivative gives direct access to $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that analogous results hold in the case of multiplicative noise when a , b are positive and the aim is to find $$ E (a \, | \, a^{1/2}ba^{1/2})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In a parallel development we show that, for a general selfadjoint expression P ( a , b ) made with a and b , finding $$ E (a \, | \, P(a,b))$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is equivalent to finding the distribution of P (

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Journal
Probability Theory and Related Fields
Published
2026-06-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-026-01507-8
Primary Topic
Image and Signal Denoising Methods
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preprint
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preprint

Free denoising via overlap measures and c-freeness techniques

Alexandru Nica, Kamil Szpojankowski, Maxime Février
Probability Theory and Related Fields
Image and Signal Denoising Methods
preprint

Free denoising via overlap measures and c-freeness techniques

Alexandru Nica, Kamil Szpojankowski, Maxime Février
preprint en

Abstract

Abstract We study the problem of free denoising . For free selfadjoint random variables a , b , where we interpret a as a signal and b as noise, we find $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . To that end, we study a probability measure $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> on $$ \mathbb {R} ^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> which we call the overlap measure . We show that $$ \mu ^{( \textrm{ov} )}_{a,a+b} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>ov</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is absolutely continuous with respect to the product measure $$\mu _a\times \mu _{a+b}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The Radon-Nikodym derivative gives direct access to $$ E (a \, | \, a+b)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We show that analogous results hold in the case of multiplicative noise when a , b are positive and the aim is to find $$ E (a \, | \, a^{1/2}ba^{1/2})$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In a parallel development we show that, for a general selfadjoint expression P ( a , b ) made with a and b , finding $$ E (a \, | \, P(a,b))$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is equivalent to finding the distribution of P (

Probability Theory and Related Fields
Warsaw University of Technology (PL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), University of Waterloo (CA), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay (FR), Institute of Mathematics (PL), Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Narodowym Centrum Nauki, Institut Henri Poincaré, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
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Image and Signal Denoising Methods
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