Gender Influences on Subspecialty Selection among Adult Cardiology Fellows in Pakistan: A Survey of Determinants and Trends

Objectives: To identify the factors influencing subspecialty choices among adult cardiology fellows in Pakistan and to examine whether these factors differ by gender. Methodology: A multi-item, multiple-choice online survey was conducted among adult cardiology Fellows in Training (FITs) in Pakistan pursuing cardiovascular subspecialties between January and May 2023. Results: A total of 195 FITs completed the survey, yielding a 55% response rate. Of these, 109 (55.9%) were male and 86 (44.1%) were female. Female FITs were younger than their male counterparts, with 69.8% (60/86) of females vs. 48.6% (53/109) of males in the 25–29 age group. Additionally, a greater proportion of female FITs were single compared to males (67.4% vs. 49.5%). Regarding subspecialty interest, 41% (80) of FITs expressed an interest in Interventional Cardiology (IC), 18.5% (36) in Electrophysiology (EP), 12.8% (25) in Critical Care (CC), and 17.9% (35) in Cardiac Imaging (CI). The remaining FITs were uncertain about their specialty. Conclusion: Female FITs are less inclined to pursue Interventional Cardiology, citing concerns about radiation exposure and the field's male-dominated culture. However, there is an emerging trend of female FITs opting for Electrophysiology, a finding that contrasts with similar studies conducted internationally.