The Rotations and Rotation Directions Preferred by Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts in “Dynamic Elements with Rotation”

Aim: The purpose of the study is to analyze the rotation types, numbers, frequencies, and preferred rotation directions in “dynamic elements with rotation” in all routines of rhythmic gymnasts. Methods: The gymnasts' individual All-around Final competition routines (n = 96, 19.8±3.3 years old) at the 39th European Championships in Rhythmic Gymnastics in 2023 were investigated. The data were derived from an analysis of the routines documented throughout the competitions. In the analysis the Rhythmic Gymnastics evaluation rules were considered. The IBM SPSS 25.0 statistics program was used for all descriptive analyses. Results: The number of rotation types was 8.3±0.95. The highest number of rotations was found in the hoop routines. Considering each rotation, executed the number of rotations was determined as 14.4±1.6. The total number of body rotations performed by all gymnasts on four routines was determined as 57.5 ± 6.5. In the pre-acrobatic elements, rotation no 1, 2, 3, 4 and in the vertical rotations rotation no 1, 2, 4 were mostly preferred. The Illusion was the most preferred in all rotational movements. In dynamic elements with rotation, gymnasts preferred the right direction approximately twice as much as the left direction. Conclusion: Excessive repetitions to perform movements without mistakes with perfect timing and correct body technique may cause loads, micro-traumas, muscle damage, and asymmetries on the body. While creating the choreographic designs of the composition, protective measures can be taken by paying attention to the load balance on both sides of the body.